Patricia Brennan is an Associate Professor of Biology at Mount Holyoke College.

Dr. Patricia (Patty) Rodriguez Brennan is an Associate Professor of Biology at Mount Holyoke College, where she studies genital evolution in vertebrates, particularly focusing on the vagina and clitoris that have been largely neglected in scientific study. Brennan was the first to discover variation in vaginal morphology in waterfowl, launching her research program on the genital coevolution between the sexes examining sharks, birds, reptiles, and mammals. She is also an advocate for basic science and increased science funding particularly in organismal biology.

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Authored by Patricia Brennan

January 13, 2026

Genitalia Are Not Binary or Fixed Either: Lessons From the Trenches

Biological sex and genital anatomy are inherently variable, shaped by complex development, social context, and evolution rather than strict binaries.